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How to Become a Urologist in Australia

How to become a urologist in Australia: the RACS Surgical Education and Training program in Urology run with USANZ, how national selection and regional distribution work, the exams, and what the published ATO data shows urologists earn.

Competitive, but on RACS's published numbers with a higher offer rate than the very tightest surgical specialties. Selection is the bottleneck and the CV is expensive to build. No published rule says you must do unaccredited urology first, but the rotation and referee prerequisites effectively require sustained urology experience before you apply.

Urology

RACS / USANZ · Royal Australasian College of Surgeons / Urological Society of Australia and New Zealand

Training length: 5 (SET)
Competitiveness: High
Exams: GSSE + Urology SSE + Fellowship Exam
Lifestyle: Mixed, with real acute on-call (stones, retention, torsion)
Fellowship: FRACS (Urology)
Time to qualify: 8–11 years

Why urology

You manage surgical disease of the urinary tract and male reproductive system (kidney stones, prostate, bladder and kidney cancer, incontinence and reconstruction, andrology and paediatric urology), combining clinic and cystoscopy with a high-volume endoscopic and laser list and major open and robotic surgery. There's real acute work: obstructed infected stones and renal colic, acute retention, testicular torsion and heavy haematuria.

✓ Draws

Technology-rich procedural mix of endoscopy, lasers and robotic surgery
Higher published offer rate than the tightest surgical specialties
Strong earnings, with its own ATO code sitting above the blended surgeon average
Broad case-mix across cancer, stones, function and andrology

⚖ Trade-offs

Still a competitive, expensive-to-prepare-for surgical selection
Rotation and referee prerequisites effectively require prior urology time
A mandatory research requirement before you can sit the Fellowship Exam
Real acute on-call (stones, retention, torsion, haematuria)

Subspecialties

Endourology & stone surgeryUro-oncology (prostate, bladder, kidney)Robotic & laparoscopic surgeryFemale, functional & reconstructive urologyAndrology & male infertilityPaediatric urologyRenal transplantation

The training pathway

The same fellowship, two very different timelines. The fast route assumes everything goes right; most people land on the realistic one.

Fastest route

~7 years

The arithmetic floor assumes internship, then selection at the PGY2 entry minimum, with the five-level program completed on time. In practice almost nobody is selected this early.

Internship

PGY1

General registration. The GSSE and (currently) the RACS Clinical Examination are typically attempted before applying.

Residency / pre-SET requirements

PGY2

Applicants must be PGY2+ and have completed set rotations by the closing date: ≥26 weeks surgery-in-general, ≥10 weeks ED and ≥26 weeks urology.

SET selection (Urology)

from PGY2+

National USANZ selection. GSSE pass, RACS Clinical Examination pass and the 'Operating with Respect' module are prerequisites.

SET 1–3

Levels 1–3

Accredited training; ASSET and CCrISP courses before the end of SET1, and the Surgical Science Examination in Urology.

SET 4–5

Levels 4–5

Senior registrar training; the research project must be completed before sitting the Fellowship Examination.

Fellowship (FRACS in Urology)

Qualified · ~PGY7+

Specialist urology registration on passing the Fellowship Examination.

Realistic route

8–11 years

The typical route runs through internship, residency and several unaccredited/service-registrar urology years to meet the rotation and referee prerequisites and build a competitive CV, before a five-level program. RACS/USANZ don't publish a required number of pre-SET years.

Internship & residency

PGY1–2

General registration plus general surgical experience; GSSE and the Clinical Examination usually attempted here.

Unaccredited / service-registrar urology

a few years

Most do unaccredited urology terms to meet the 26-week urology and referee requirements and build the CV. A peer-reviewed study found successful applicants spent on average about $50,000 building their CV over roughly three years, but no required number of years is published.

SET selection (Urology)

the hardest step

RACS publishes the numbers: recent intakes ran roughly 46–66 applicants a year for about 18–29 offers nationally. That is a higher offer rate than the tightest surgical fields, though still competitive. Up to four attempts are allowed.

SET 1–5

Levels 1–5

Five levels of accredited training (maximum seven years), including the Surgical Science Examination in Urology and a mandatory, BOU-approved research project.

Fellowship Examination for FRACS (Urology)

SET4–5 · ~PGY9–11

A written hurdle then clinical/viva segments; pass for specialist registration. Many then add a 1–2 year (non-accredited) subspecialty fellowship.

How competitive is it?

RACS's published figures show urology isn't as tight at the offer stage as the hardest surgical fields. In its Guide to Surgical Selection, Urology (Australia) ran about 66 applicants for 29 offers in 2019, 51 for 21 in 2020, 47 for 18 in 2021, 46 for 18 in 2022 and 48 for 24 in 2023, so between roughly two in five and one in two applicants is made an offer, a higher rate than ENT, neurosurgery or cardiothoracic. Counted by commencement, RACS lists around 16–24 new trainees a year, and interviews run at a published two-to-one ratio. The 2023 Activities Report recorded about 486 Australia-based Fellows and 101 active SET trainees (a national figure from the RACS Activities Report; the per-state positions listed below come from a different RACS source and do not sum to this total). The national applicant-to-place ratio, post count and public/private split aren't published as single figures.

Unaccredited time: Effectively yes. There is no formal rule, but the 26-week urology rotation and referee prerequisites mean almost everyone does unaccredited urology/service-registrar time before selection. RACS/USANZ don't publish a required or typical number of years.

Sources: RACS 2024 Guide to Surgical Selection (2025 intake): Urology applicant vs offer chart, RACS Urology specialty page (trainees appointed by year), RACS Activities Report 2023 (Fellows & SET trainees by specialty), USANZ SET Urology Selection Regulations (2026 intake).

Selection criteria & how to apply

Selection is national, delegated by RACS to USANZ's Board of Urology, and you apply in one country. Successful applicants are then distributed to a training region by rank and post availability. USANZ publishes the scoring weightings: in the 2026-intake regulations the headline rubric is a structured CV (25%), structured referee reports (30%) and a semi-structured interview (45%). (The same regulations also express these as a CV 25 / referee 35 / interview 40 split, so treat the percentages as the published headline rather than a settled figure.) For the 2026 intake the GSSE and RACS Clinical Examination were both pass/fail gates; the Clinical Examination has since been removed from urology selection from the 2027 intake and is being discontinued after its final February 2026 sitting (region specifics are in the accordion). The scored steps, with their headline weightings:

Semi-structured interview45%

The single largest weighting. Conducted across four panels with applicants rotating between them; only applicants in the top two-to-one of the combined CV-plus-referee score are interviewed.

Structured referee reports30%

USANZ selects 9 referees (consultant surgeons plus an allied-health professional); the final score averages four valid reports. Individual referee scores aren't released to the applicant and can't be appealed.

Structured CV25%

Scored out of 53 raw points (then rescaled) across qualifications, professional development, publications and ongoing research, presentations, and rural/regional origin and experience, each with published maxima. Marked by two USANZ staff against a structured key.

GSSE, Clinical Exam & prerequisitesGate

Eligibility gates, not scored: a GSSE pass, the RACS Clinical Examination (removed from urology selection from the 2027 intake, and being discontinued after its final February 2026 sitting), the 'Operating with Respect' module, and rotations of ≥26 weeks urology, ≥26 weeks surgery-in-general and ≥10 weeks ED.

Key documents: USANZ SET Urology Selection Regulations (2026 intake), USANZ SET Urology Training Regulations (2024), USANZ application & selection overview.

Preparing your application? See how specialty selection actually works — structured panels, MMIs, referee reports and scored CVs — and how to prepare for each.

How it works, region by region

Selection is national, but training is delivered in regions. USANZ runs one national process and ranks applicants; you're then distributed to a training region that employs and rotates you. Several regions pair jurisdictions. ACT sits with NSW, and Tasmania with Victoria. Pick your state below for the regional picture and recent trainee numbers.

NSW NSW: 31 active SET trainees (2023)

Who runs selection: Part of the NSW/ACT training region. Selection is national (USANZ); the region employs and rotates you through accredited posts.